BOOK 28

LESSON 1

GRAMMAR

MODALS

����Ҫ�������ҹ������ö������㹻���¤ ��駻Ѩ�غѹ ��� ͹Ҥ� �ա�������Ѻ��иҹ�ء��� ������ͧ����¹�ٻ�ӡ���ҹ�� �觻�������������ҹ�ѧ���仹��

- To express ability �����ʴ���������ö �������Ҫ��� can  ã¹»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Â¤ï¿½Í¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

  ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ cannot / can�t  ã¹»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Â¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ê¸

  ������ҧ       

                   Justin is strong so he can lift that heavy box.

                   ��ʵԹ�繤�������ç �ѧ����Ҩ֧����ö¡���ͧ˹ѡ㺹����

                   I can read Italian, but I cannot speak it.

                   �ѹ����ö��ҹ�����Ե����¹�� ��ѹ�������ö�ٴ��

- To express request permission ���͢�͹حҵ ���� ���   ï¿½May I ...? / Can I �? /

  Could I �?

  ������ҧ       

                   Can I borrow your pen?

                   �ѹ��͹حҵ����ҡ�������

                   May I open the windows?

                   �ѹ��͹حҵ�Դ˹�ҵ�ҧ�����

                   Could I have some more tea?

                   �ѹ�͹�Ӫ�����˹��������

- To make a polite request  ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¹¡ï¿½Ã¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Í§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ò¾ ������� �Will you�? / Would you�? /

  Could you�?� �͡�ҡ����ѧ����ö�������� please ˹�ҡ������ ���ͷ��»���¤��

  ������ҧ       

                   Will you (please) pass the salt?

                   �ͤ�����سҪ��������������¤�� / ��Ѻ

                   Would you help me lift that suitcase (, please)?

                   �ͤ�����سҪ��¼� / �ԩѹ ¡������㺹�鹴��¤�� / ��Ѻ

                   Could you lend me your pen (, please)?

                   �ͤ�����س����� / �ԩѹ����ҡ�Ңͧ�س˹��¤�� / ��Ѻ

- To express possibility �����ʴ���������� �������Ҫ��� �may / might / could�

  ������ҧ       

                   I think it may rain this afternoon.

                   �ѹ�Դ��ҽ���Ҩе��͹���¹���

                   I don�t know where Warin is.  She might be at her office.

                   �ѹ������������Թ����������˹ ���Ҩ��������ӧҹ�ͧ�͡���

                   There�s someone at the door.  It could be Victor.

                   ���úҧ���׹����ç��е� ����Ҩ�����Ԥ�������

- To express advisability ���������й� �������Ҫ��� �should / ought to / had better�

  ������ҧ       

                   The application form should be submitted by May 5th at the latest.

                   ��è�������Ѥ������ѹ��� � ����Ҥ� �����ҧ���

                   Drivers ought to obey the speed limit.

                   ���Ѻö��èл�ԺѵԵ������ͧ���¨ӡѴ��������

                   You had better take care of that cut on your hand soon, or it will get infected.

                   �س��èд����ѡ������ź���ͧ͢�س������ �ԩй���ѹ�еԴ������

- To express expectation or probability �����ʴ���äҴ��������ǡѺ�˵ء�ó����;ĵԡ����͹Ҥ� �������Ҫ��� �should / ought to �

   ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ò§      

                   George has been studying hard.  He should do well on the test tomorrow.

                   ���쨵������¹���µ�ʹ �Ҥ�èе�ͧ�Ӣ���ͺ�����ѹ���觹��

                   He ought to pass his driving test easily.  He�s a very good driver.

                   �Ҥ�è��ͺ���͹حҵ�Ѻö��ҹ�����ҧ���´�� ���繤��Ѻö���դ�˹��

- To express necessity �����ʴ������ ���ͤ������繷��е�ͧ�� �������Ҫ��� �must /

  have to �

  ������ҧ       

                   We must obey the laws of the country.

                   �ǡ��Ҩе�ͧ���Ϳѧ�����¢ͧ�����

                   I have to go now.  I have a class in ten minutes.

                   �ѹ�е�ͧ�͡����� �ѹ�ժ���������¹��ա �� �ҷչ��

- To express prohibition �����ʴ����������з��������˹��  �������Ҫ���  ï¿½must not�

  ������ҧ       

                   We must not tell Margaret.  I don�t want her to know this problem.

                   �ǡ��ҵ�ͧ���͡�������� �ѹ����ͧ���������Ѻ���Ѻ�ѭ�ҹ��

                   You mustn�t wash that sweater.  It has to be dry-cleaned.

                   �س����ͧ�ѡ����͡ѹ˹�ǵ�ǹ��(���¼��ѡ�͡)  ï¿½Ñ¹ï¿½ï¿½Í§ï¿½Ù¡ï¿½Ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ò¹ï¿½ï¿½

- To express lack of necessity �����ʴ��֧���������繷��е�ͧ���������˹�� ����

   ����Ҫ��� �do / does not have to� ���� �needn�t�

  ������ҧ

                   I don�t have to wash that shirt.  It isn�t dirty.

                   �ѹ�����繵�ͧ�ѡ�������굵�ǹ�� �ѹ�ѧ���ʡ�á���

                   You needn�t pay me back the money you owe me until next week.

                   �س�ѧ�����繵�ͧ�׹�Թ���س��˹��ѹ�����Ҩж֧�ҷԵ��˹��            

                                              

GRAMMAR EXERCISE

EXERCISE 1

Direction: Use the affirmative or negative forms of these modals to complete the sentences. 

                 A modal can be used more than once.

can              may             should                   will               must            would           could           might           have to                 ought to        had better             

1. Ellen: Where is Joe?

    Helen: He __________ have had a problem because he usually arrives here on time.

2. Rita : Do you have plans for this long weekend?

    Ben: I�m not sure.  I ____________go to the national parks and visit my cousins.

3. Gavin: ___________ you hear that noise coming from the next door?

    Arthur: No. I ____________ hear anything.  What sound is it?

4. Gary: What time ____________ we be at the school?

    Jack: We _____________ be there before 0750.  The class usually starts at 0800.

5.  Ken: I think the weather is very nice today.   What ___________ we do for recreation?

     Sally: We ____________ have a picnic in the park.

6. Pam: Is our final project due tomorrow?

    Anne: No. we ____________ turn it in.  It is due next Monday.

7. John: I have a headache and runny nose.

    Jessica: You ____________ go to see a doctor.

8. Jim: _____________ I help you?

    George: Yes. I�m looking for my car key.

9. Tom: Mom. I finished my homework.  ____________ I play football in the field?

     Ms. Roberts: Yes, you _____________.  Don�t forget to close your school bag.

10. James: It looks cloudy.

      Ian: If it rains, we _____________ postpone the game.

 

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TO-SUBSTITUTION

������ٻ���Ẻ to-substitution ���ա�Ը�˹�觷�����ա����§������������������ �������ö����Ѻ�ç���ҧ�ѧ���仹��

 

1. ������ӡ���ҷ���ͧ��á��� �ҷ���

hope            agree            pretend         afford            need            plan

offer             ask               try               intend           refuse           expect

mean           decide seem  prefer           promise         would like

    

������ҧ            A: Do you need to go to the bank today?            

                        �س���繵�ͧ仸�Ҥ���ѹ��������

                     B: Yes, I need to (go to the bank today).

                         ���� �ѹ����(��ͧ仸�Ҥ���ѹ���)

  A: Do you expect to get married soon?

     �ǡ�س�Ҵ��ѧ��Ҩ��觧ҹ�������� �����

  B: Yes, we expect to (get married soon).

      ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �ǡ��ҤҴ��ѧ���ѧ���

2. ��ѧ�Ӥس�Ѿ������Ѻ�ӡ���Ҫ��� Verb-to-BE �ҷ���

         glad              sorry             anxious         afraid            happy           eager

         surprised       pleased         upset            willing           amazed         delighted

         astonished     proud           content         ashamed       lucky            hesitant

         ready            sad               shocked        fortunate       relieved         determined   

 ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ò§         He�ll never leave home although he�s ready to (leave home).

                   �Ҩ���������͡�ҡ��ҹ �֧�����Ҩ��դ�����������ǡ���

                   Steve can�t tell you what to do, but I�ll be glad to (tell you what to do).

                   ʵտ�������ö�͡�س����Ҩз����� ����Թ�շ��к͡

 

3. �ٻ����ʸ�ͧ to-substitution ��� �not to�

������ҧ          My instructor encouraged me to study art, but I did not to (study art).

                   �Ҩ����ͧ�ѹ��ʹѺʹع���ѹ���¹��Ż� ��ѹ��������¹      

                   You can�t force him to leave home if he�s not ready to (leave home).

                   �س�������ö�ѧ�Ѻ������͡�ҡ��ҹ�� ������ѧ�������

 

GRAMMAR EXERCISE

EXERCISE 2

Direction: Answer the questions using to-substitute phrase in parentheses.

1. Chris: Who�s going to clean the kitchen?

    Ben: (volunteer to) _______________________________________________________

2. Sarah: Did you tell Helen that we would pick her up?

    Tom:  (forget to) _________________________________________________________

3. Fred: I thought you were going sightseeing.

    Alice: (plan to) __________________________________________________________

4. Gavin: Will you help the instructor clear the classroom?

    Max:   (want to) __________________________________________________________

5. Paul: Did Sam tell you about our graduation party?

    Jake: (neglect to) _________________________________________________________

6. Robert: Are you going to open a new savings account?

    Bill: (would like to) ________________________________________________________

7. Greg: When did you meet your supervisor?

    James: (be ready to) ________________________________________________________

8. Ed: Do you want to go to a concert?

    Joe: (be pleased to) ________________________________________________________

 

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TIME WORD (FREQUENCY)

�������ö���������շ���ʴ����� ���ͺ͡�������ͧ�˵ء�ó��ҧ� �� ������ͺ�Ӷ�� How often?

�����Ըա�õ��仹��

 

once

twice

(a noun phrase)

 

a(n)

 

a time word

        

once a week            twice a month                   two times a day        three times a year

four times a day       ten times a week      several times a month                 

 

������ҧ          Henry: How often do you do aerobics?      

                            �س�����úԤ�������˹

                   Nina:   I do aerobics three times a month.

                            �ѹ�����úԤ��͹�� � ����

                   Sonia: How often would you like to eat out?

                            �س�ͺ价ҹ����ù͡��ҹ�������˹

                   Jessica: I would like to eat in that restaurant at least twice a week.

                            �ѹ�ͺ价ҹ����÷���ѵ�Ҥ����觹�����ҧ�����ѻ������ � ����

 

GRAMMAR EXERCISE

EXERCISE 3

Direction: Use the phrases below to complete the sentences. Use each phrase only once.

  once a week          once a month            once a year           several times an hour

  twice a year           three times a year       three or four times a month            twice a day

1.   Jim is supposed to take this medicine ________________.

2.       We must pay our car insurance ________________.

3.       Janet plans to visit her friends in Hawaii ________________.

4.       Summer comes only _______________.

5.       My supervisor usually holds a meeting _______________ to inform the problem.

6.       My wife and I usually have dinner in that restaurant __________________.

7.       I have a lot of friends, so my mobile phone rings ___________________.        

8.       We go bicycling in the botanical garden ________________.               

 

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THE SUFFIX ___IST

�������ö�� Suffix__ist �����ѧ�ӹ�� �������¶ּ���зӡԨ��������  ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¹¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ç¢ï¿½Í§ï¿½Ñºï¿½Ô¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´¡Ô¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ë¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à©¾ï¿½ï¿½

������ҧ          piano            ����                     pianist          �ѡ����

                   art               ��Ż�                     artist            �Եá�

                   motor           ö¹��                    motorist        ���Ѻö¹��

                   novel           �ǹ����                   novelist         �ѡ�觹ǹ����

                   drama          �Ф�                      dramatist       �ѡ�觺��Ф�

                   tour             ��÷�ͧ�����             tourist          �ѡ��ͧ�����

type             �����                       typist            ��ѡ�ҹ�����մ

jury              ����١�ع                jurist            �ѡ������, ���¤���

reception       ����Ѻ�ͧ                receptionist    ��ѡ�ҹ��͹�Ѻ

 

EXERCISE 4

Direction: Write a word that is described in each phrase.

Who are they?

  1. A musician who performs on a piano is called a __________________.
  2. A person who operates and repairs machines is a ___________________.
  3. A person who rides a bicycle is called a ____________________.
  4. A person who is an expert in law and is a member of a jury is called a _____________.
  5. A person who travels and visits a place for pleasure is called a _________________. 
  6. A person who serves as a member of a panel is a _________________.
  7. A person who takes advantage of all opportunities is an _________________.
  8. A person who writes a novel is called a _________________.
  9. A person who makes copies of other people�s work is called a _________________.
  10. A person who goes up into the air in a balloon is called a __________________.

 

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

 

VOCABULARY

- reserve (v.)           = to keep for a specific purpose

                            = �ͧ������

- have in mind (exp.)= to be thinking of

                            = �Դ��������

- see about            = to look into; to make arrangements for

                            = ��Ǩ�ͺ

- conference (n.)      = a meeting for discussion purposes; discussion or exchange of views

                            = ��û�Ъ��

- double (adj.)         = twice the amount; dual

                            = �ͧ���, ���

- luxury (n.)            = great but unnecessary comfort; things which are enjoyable but not  necessary and often provided by wealth

                            = ����ӹ�¤����آʺ�·���������

- limited (adj.)         = restricted; confined; few or small

                            = �١�ӡѴ, ᤺, �բͺࢵ

- first-class (adj.)      = best and most expensive; best quality and/or costliest

                            = ���˹�� ,���������

- comparable (adj.)  = able to be compared; similar; able or suitable to be compared

                            = ��º��§��, �����º��º��

- come to (v.)          = to amount to

                            = �����, �դ����ҡѺ

- stay over (v.)        = to remain for an additional period of time

                            = �������Ҿѡ������

- verify (v.)             = to make sure something is true or accurate; to check

                            = ���٨�������ԧ

- claim (v.)              = to ask for or take as owner; to state

                            = ���¡��ͧ, ��ҧ�Է���

- pleasure (n.)         = anything that gives enjoyment; a source of enjoyment; state or feeling of being happy or satisfied

                            = �������, �����١�

- go by (v.)             = to visit; to pass

                            = ���������, ��ҹ��      

- just in time (exp.)   = at the last possible time or moment

                            = �ѹ����

- occupied (adj.)      = being used; busy; filled; involved

                            = ������, �����ҧ

- mention (v.)          = to talk of; to write or speak about something/somebody briefly; to refer to something/somebody

                            = ����Ƕ֧, ��ҧ�֧

- compact (adj.)       = closely packed; talking little space; neatly fitted in a small space; condensed; concise

                            = ��Ҵ��зѴ�Ѵ

- come by (v.)         = to visit

                            = ���������

- aisle (n.)               = a path between or along rows of seats or shelves

                            = �ҧ�Թ�����ҧ�����

- art (n.)                 = the creation or expression of beauty, truth, or ideas; skill in such creation

                            = ��Ż�

- starving (adj.)        = very hungry

                            = ������, ��ǡ�����

- contest (n.)           = competition; event in which people against each other for a prize

                            = ����觢ѹ

- compete (v.)         = to try to win something by defeating others who are trying to do the same

                            = �觢ѹ

- criticism (n.) = a judgment about good and bad qualities; looking for faults

                            = ����Ԩ�ó�

- express (v.)           = to say, show or make known by words, actions, etc.

                            = �ʴ��͡

- criticize (v.)           = to judge good and bad points

                            = �Ծҡ�Ԩ�ó�

- extent (n.)            = length ; area; range

                            = ��Ҵ, �ͺࢵ

- come down with (exp.)     = to catch an illness

                                      = �Դ�ä, �Ѻ�����ä

- hang around (exp.)          = to stay or spend time aimlessly

                                      = ����, ������

- dent (n.)                       = a hollow or mark in a hard surface made by a blow or pressure

                                     = ����غ, ��ºغ

- denomination (n.)           = classification; a unit of money

                                     = ������, ˹����Թ���

- satellite (n.)          = man-made device put in orbit round a planet

                                     = �������

- junk (n.)                        = things that are considered useless or of little value

                                     = �ͧ�����

 

 

VOCABULARY EXERCISE

EXERCISE 1

Direction: Complete the sentences with the words listed below.

comparable             compete                 dent             denominations          double

express                   junk                       occupied       just in time             reserve        

hang around            luxuries                  pleasure        starving                  verify           

 

1.       There are two beds in that __________ room.

2.       All of the rooms here are __________ at the moment, so you have to look for a new hotel.

3.       I think the service of the Cliff Hotel is good.  I want to __________ two rooms for our vacation.

4.       Yesterday I almost missed the meeting because of the heavy traffic.  I arrived there

__________ to attend it. I wasn�t late.

5.       Anne collects coins as a hobby.  She collects nickels, dimes, and coins of five and ten-cent __________.

6.       The concert is going to start but Sam hasn�t arrived yet.  You should __________ here in case he comes.  I�ll go on ahead.

7.       I will go to Europe for __________ while my spouse will go there on business.

8.       All this talk of food is making me hungry.  When�s food?  Now, I�m __________.

9.       The Bensons have cleared out all that old __________ in the living room.  They need room for their new furniture.

10.   Inflation is now at a rate __________ with that in other European countries.

11.   Small traders in Thailand can�t __________ in the face of cheap foreign imports.

12.   After the accident, there is a large __________ in the passenger door.

13.   As a programmer, I have to __________ that there is sufficient memory available before loading the program.

14.   I love having a long, hot bath -- it�s one of life�s little _________ .

15.   Sometimes we have a hard time finding the right words to __________ our feelings.

 

ANSWER KEY

GRAMMAR EXERCISE

EXERCISE 1

Direction: Use the affirmative or negative forms of these modals to complete the sentences. 

                 A modal can be used more than once.

can              may             should                   will               must            would           could           might           have to        ought to       had better    

        

1. Ellen: Where is Joe?

    Helen: He must have had a problem because he usually arrives here on time.

2. Rita : Do you have plans for this long weekend?

    Ben: I�m not sure. I may / might go to the national parks and visit my cousins.

3. Gavin: Can you hear that noise coming from the next door?

    Arthur: No. I can�t hear anything.  What sound is it?

4. Gary: What time should / must we be at the school?

    Jack: We should / must / have to be there before 0750.  The class usually starts at 0800.

5.  Ken: I think the weather is very nice today.  What should we do for recreation?

     Sally: We should / ought to have a picnic in the park.

6. Pam: Is our final project due tomorrow?

    Anne: No. we don�t have to turn it in.  It is due next Monday.

7. John: I have a headache and runny nose.

    Jessica: You had better / should / ought to go to see a doctor.

8. Jim: May I help you?

    George: Yes. I�m looking for my car key.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

9. Tom: Mom. I finished my homework.  Can I play football in the field?

    Ms. Roberts: Yes, you can.  Don�t forget to close your school bag.

10. James: It looks cloudy.

      Ian: If it rains, we may / will postpone the game.

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EXERCISE 2

Direction: Answer the questions using to-substitute phrase in parentheses. (Answers will vary.)

1. Chris: Who�s going to clean the kitchen?

    Ben: Dave volunteered to.

2. Sarah: Did you tell Helen that we would pick her up?

    Tom:  I forgot to.  I will call her as soon as possible.

3. Fred: I thought you were going sightseeing.

    Alice: I planed to.  But I changed my mind to stay home instead.

4. Gavin: Will you help the instructor clear the classroom?

    Max:   I want to, but I�m not sure whether I can go there or not.

5. Paul: Did Sam tell you about our graduation party?

    Jake: No, he didn�t.  I think he neglected to.

6. Robert: Are you going to open a new savings account?

    Bill:  I would like to.  I have a plan to buy a new sports car.

7. Greg: When did you meet your supervisor?

    James: I was ready to yesterday, but she had a class all day long.

8. Ed: Do you want to go to a concert?

    Joe: I am pleased to, but I�m afraid I will have a job.

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EXERCISE 3

Direction: Use the phrases below to complete the sentences. Use each phrase only once.

(Answers will vary.)

once a week            once a month            once a year                 several times an hour

twice a year             three times a year      three or four times a month            twice a day

1.   Jim is supposed to take this medicine twice a day.

2.       We must pay our car insurance twice a year.

3.       Janet plans to visit her friends in Hawaii three times a year.

4.       Summer comes only once a year.

5.       My supervisor usually holds a meeting once a month to inform the problem.

6.       My wife and I usually have dinner in that restaurant three or four times a month.

7.       I have a lot of friends so my mobile phone rings several times an hour.          

8.       We go bicycling in the botanical garden once a week.     

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EXERCISE 4

Direction: Write a word that is described in each phrase.

                              Who are they?

1.   A musician who performs on a piano is called a pianist.

2.       A person who operates and repairs machines is a machinist.

3.       A person who rides a bicycle is called a bicyclist.

4.       A person who is an expert in law and is a member of a jury is called a jurist.

5.       A person who travels and visits a place for pleasure is called a tourist.

6.       A person who serves as a member of a panel is a panelist.

7.       A person who takes advantage of all opportunities is an opportunist.

8.       A person who writes a novel is called a novelist.

9.       A person who makes copies of other people�s work is called a copyist.

10.   A person who goes up into the air in a balloon is called a balloonist.

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VOCABULARY EXERCISE

EXERCISE 1

Direction: Complete the sentences with the words listed below.

 

comparable             compete                 dent             denominations          double

express                   junk                       occupied       just in time              reserve        

hang around            luxuries                  pleasure        starving                   verify                    

1.       There are two beds in that double room.

2.       All of the rooms here are occupied at the moment, so you have to look for a new hotel.

3.       I think the service of the Cliff Hotel is good.  I want to reserve two rooms for our vacation.

4.       Yesterday, I almost missed the meeting because of the heavy traffic.  I arrived there just in time to attend it.  I wasn�t late.

5.       Anne collects coins as a hobby.  She collects nickels, dimes, and coins of five and ten-cent denominations.

6.       The concert is going to start but Sam hasn�t arrived yet.  You should hang around here in case he comes.  I�ll go on ahead.

7.       I will go to Europe for pleasure while my spouse will go there on business.

8.       All this talk of food is making me hungry.  When�s food?  Now I�m starving.

9.       The Bensons have cleared out all that old junk in the living room.  They need room for their new furniture.

10.   Inflation is now at a rate comparable with that in other European countries.

11.   Small traders in Thailand can�t compete in the face of cheap foreign imports.

12.   After the accident, there is a large dent in the passenger door.

13.   As a programmer, I have to verify that there is sufficient memory available before loading the program.

14.   I love having a long, hot bath -- it�s one of life�s little luxuries.

15.   Sometimes we have a hard time finding the right words to express our feelings.