BOOK 28
LESSON 1
GRAMMAR
MODALS
����Ҫ�������ҹ������ö������㹻���¤
��駻Ѩ�غѹ ��� ͹Ҥ� �ա�������Ѻ��иҹ�ء��� ������ͧ����¹�ٻ�ӡ���ҹ��
�觻�������������ҹ�ѧ���仹��
- To express ability �����ʴ���������ö
�������Ҫ��� can 㹻���¤�͡����
��� cannot / can�t 㹻���¤����ʸ
������ҧ
Justin is strong so he can
lift that heavy box.
��ʵԹ�繤�������ç �ѧ����Ҩ֧����ö¡���ͧ˹ѡ㺹����
I
can read Italian, but I cannot speak it.
�ѹ����ö��ҹ�����Ե����¹�� ��ѹ�������ö�ٴ��
- To express request
permission ���͢�͹ØÒµ ���� ��� �May I ...? / Can I �? /
Could I �?
������ҧ
Can
I borrow your pen?
�ѹ��͹Øҵ����ҡ�������
May I open the windows?
�ѹ��͹Øҵ�Դ˹�ҵ�ҧ�����
Could
I have some more tea?
�ѹ�͹�Ӫ�����˹��������
- To make a polite request ������㹡�â���ͧ������Ҿ
������� �Will you�? / Would you�? /
Could you�?� �͡�ҡ����ѧ����ö�������� please ˹�ҡ������ ���ͷ��»���¤��
������ҧ
Will
you (please) pass the salt?
�ͤ�����سҪ��������������¤�� / ��Ѻ
Would you help me lift that suitcase (, please)?
�ͤ�����سҪ��¼�
/ �ԩѹ ¡������㺹�鹴��¤�� / ��Ѻ
Could
you lend me your pen (, please)?
�ͤ�����س����� /
�ԩѹ����ҡ�Ңͧ�س˹��¤�� / ��Ѻ
- To express possibility �����ʴ���������� �������Ҫ��� �may / might / could�
������ҧ
I
think it may rain this afternoon.
�ѹ�Դ��ҽ���Ҩе��͹���¹���
I don�t know where Warin is. She might
be at her office.
�ѹ������������Թ����������˹ ���Ҩ��������ӧҹ�ͧ�͡���
There�s someone at the door. It could be Victor.
���úҧ���׹����ç��е� ����Ҩ�����Ԥ�������
- To express
advisability ���������й� �������Ҫ��� �should /
ought to / had better�
������ҧ
The
application form should be submitted by May 5th at the latest.
��è�������Ѥ������ѹ��� � ����Ҥ� �����ҧ���
Drivers ought to obey the
speed limit.
���Ѻö��èл�ԺѵԵ������ͧ���¨ӡѴ��������
You
had better take care of that cut on your hand soon, or it will get
infected.
�س��èд����ѡ������ź���ͧ͢�س������
�ԩй���ѹ�еԴ������
- To express expectation or probability �����ʴ���äҴ��������ǡѺ�˵ء�ó����;ĵԡ����͹Ҥ�
�������Ҫ��� �should / ought to �
������ҧ
George
has been studying hard. He should
do well on the test tomorrow.
���쨵������¹���µ�ʹ �Ҥ�èе�ͧ�Ӣ���ͺ�����ѹ���觹��
He
ought to pass his driving test easily. He�s a very good driver.
�Ҥ�è��ͺ���͹Øҵ�Ѻö��ҹ�����ҧ���´��
���繤��Ѻö���դ�˹��
- To express necessity �����ʴ������ ���ͤ������繷��е�ͧ��
�������Ҫ��� �must /
have to �
������ҧ
We
must obey the laws of the country.
�ǡ��Ҩе�ͧ���Ϳѧ�����¢ͧ�����
I
have to go now. I have a
class in ten minutes.
�ѹ�е�ͧ�͡����� �ѹ�ժ���������¹��ա �� �ҷչ��
- To express prohibition �����ʴ����������з��������˹�� �������Ҫ��� �must not�
������ҧ
We
must not tell Margaret. I
don�t want her to know this problem.
�ǡ��ҵ�ͧ���͡�������� �ѹ����ͧ���������Ѻ���Ѻ�Ñ�ҹ��
You
mustn�t wash that sweater. It has
to be dry-cleaned.
�س����ͧ�ѡ����͡ѹ˹�ǵ�ǹ��(���¼��ѡ�͡)
�ѹ��ͧ�١�ѡ�����ҹ��
- To express lack of necessity �����ʴ��֧���������繷��е�ͧ���������˹�� ����
����Ҫ��� �do /
does not have to� ���� �needn�t�
������ҧ
I don�t have to wash that
shirt. It isn�t dirty.
�ѹ�����繵�ͧ�ѡ�������굵�ǹ�� �ѹ�ѧ���ʡ�á���
You needn�t pay me back the money
you owe me until next week.
�س�ѧ�����繵�ͧ�׹�Թ���س��˹��ѹ�����Ҩж֧�ҷԵ��˹��
GRAMMAR EXERCISE
EXERCISE 1
Direction: Use the
affirmative or negative forms of these modals to complete the sentences.
A modal can be used more
than once.
can may should will must
would could might have
to
ought to had
better
1. Ellen: Where is
Joe?
Helen: He __________ have
had a problem because he usually arrives here on time.
2. Rita
: Do you have plans for this long weekend?
Ben: I�m not sure. I ____________go to the national parks
and visit my cousins.
3. Gavin: ___________
you hear that noise coming from the next door?
Arthur: No. I ____________ hear
anything. What sound is it?
4. Gary: What time ____________
we be at the school?
Jack: We _____________ be
there before 0750. The class
usually starts at 0800.
5. Ken: I think the weather is very nice
today. What ___________ we do for
recreation?
Sally: We ____________ have
a picnic in the park.
6. Pam: Is our final
project due tomorrow?
Anne: No. we ____________
turn it in. It is due next
Monday.
7. John: I have a
headache and runny nose.
Jessica: You ____________
go to see a doctor.
8. Jim: _____________ I help you?
George: Yes. I�m looking for
my car key.
9. Tom: Mom. I
finished my homework. ____________ I play football in the field?
Ms. Roberts: Yes, you _____________. Don�t forget to close your school bag.
10. James: It looks
cloudy.
Ian: If it
rains, we _____________ postpone the game.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TO-SUBSTITUTION
������ٻ���Ẻ to-substitution ���ա�Ը�˹�觷�����ա����§������������������
�������ö����Ѻ�ç���ҧ�ѧ���仹��
1. ������ӡ���ҷ���ͧ��á���
�ҷ���
hope agree pretend afford need plan
offer ask try intend refuse expect
mean decide seem prefer promise would
like
������ҧ A: Do you need to go to the bank today?
�س���繵�ͧ仸�Ҥ���ѹ��������
B: Yes, I need to (go to the bank
today).
����
�ѹ����(��ͧ仸�Ҥ���ѹ���)
A: Do you expect to get married soon?
�ǡ�س�Ҵ��ѧ��Ҩ��觧ҹ��������
�����
B: Yes, we expect to (get married
soon).
���� �ǡ��ҤҴ��ѧ���ѧ���
2. ��ѧ�Ӥس�Ѿ������Ѻ�ӡ���Ҫ���
Verb-to-BE �ҷ���
glad sorry anxious afraid happy eager
surprised pleased upset willing amazed delighted
astonished proud content ashamed lucky hesitant
ready sad shocked fortunate relieved determined
������ҧ He�ll never leave home although
he�s ready to (leave home).
�Ҩ���������͡�ҡ��ҹ �֧�����Ҩ��դ�����������ǡ���
Steve
can�t tell you what to do, but I�ll be glad to (tell you what to do).
ʵտ�������ö�͡�س����Ҩз�����
����Թ�շ��к͡
3. �ٻ����ʸ�ͧ
to-substitution ��� �not to�
������ҧ My instructor encouraged me to
study art, but I did not to (study art).
�Ҩ����ͧ�ѹ��ʹѺʹع���ѹ���¹��Ż�
��ѹ��������¹
You
can�t force him to leave home if he�s not ready to (leave home).
�س�������ö�ѧ�Ѻ������͡�ҡ��ҹ��
������ѧ�������
GRAMMAR EXERCISE
EXERCISE 2
Direction: Answer the
questions using to-substitute phrase in parentheses.
1. Chris: Who�s going
to clean the kitchen?
Ben: (volunteer to)
_______________________________________________________
2. Sarah: Did you tell
Helen that we would pick her up?
Tom: (forget to)
_________________________________________________________
3. Fred: I thought you
were going sightseeing.
Alice: (plan to)
__________________________________________________________
4. Gavin: Will you
help the instructor clear the classroom?
Max: (want to)
__________________________________________________________
5. Paul: Did Sam tell
you about our graduation party?
Jake: (neglect to)
_________________________________________________________
6. Robert: Are you going
to open a new savings account?
Bill: (would like to)
________________________________________________________
7. Greg: When did you
meet your supervisor?
James: (be ready to)
________________________________________________________
8. Ed: Do you want to
go to a concert?
Joe: (be pleased to) ________________________________________________________
----------------------------------------------------
TIME WORD
(FREQUENCY)
�������ö���������շ���ʴ�����
���ͺ͡�������ͧ�˵ء�ó��ҧ� �� ������ͺ�Ӷ�� How often?
�����Ըա�õ��仹��
once twice (a noun phrase) |
a(n) |
a time word |
once a week twice
a month two
times a day three
times a year
four times a day ten times a
week several
times a month
������ҧ Henry: How often do you do
aerobics?
�س�����úԤ�������˹
Nina: I do aerobics three times a month.
�ѹ�����úԤ��͹��
� ����
Sonia:
How often would you like to eat out?
�س�ͺ价ҹ����ù͡��ҹ�������˹
Jessica:
I would like to eat in that restaurant at least twice a week.
�ѹ�ͺ价ҹ����÷���ѵ�Ҥ����觹�����ҧ�����ѻ������
� ����
GRAMMAR EXERCISE
EXERCISE 3
Direction: Use the
phrases below to complete the sentences. Use each phrase only once.
once a week once
a month once a year several
times an hour
twice a year three
times a year three or four times a month twice
a day
1. Jim
is supposed to take this medicine ________________.
2.
We must pay our car
insurance ________________.
3.
Janet plans to visit
her friends in Hawaii ________________.
4.
Summer comes only _______________.
5.
My supervisor usually
holds a meeting _______________ to inform the problem.
6.
My wife and I usually
have dinner in that restaurant __________________.
7.
I have a lot of
friends, so my mobile phone rings ___________________.
8.
We go bicycling in the
botanical garden ________________.
---------------------------------------------------
THE SUFFIX ___IST
�������ö�� Suffix__ist �����ѧ�ӹ�� �������¶ּ���зӡԨ�������� �����繼������Ǣ�ͧ�Ѻ�Ԩ����㴡Ԩ����˹����੾��
������ҧ piano ���� pianist �ѡ����
art ��Ż� artist �Եá�
motor ö¹�� motorist ���Ѻö¹��
novel �ǹ���� novelist �ѡ�觹ǹ����
drama �Ф� dramatist �ѡ�觺��Ф�
tour ��÷�ͧ����� tourist �ѡ��ͧ�����
type ����� typist ��ѡ�ҹ�����մ
jury ����١�ع jurist �ѡ������,
���¤���
reception ����Ѻ�ͧ receptionist ��ѡ�ҹ��͹�Ѻ
EXERCISE 4
Direction: Write a
word that is described in each phrase.
Who are they?
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
VOCABULARY
- reserve (v.) =
to keep for a specific purpose
=
�ͧ������
- have in mind (exp.)= to be
thinking of
= �Դ��������
- see about =
to look into; to make arrangements for
=
��Ǩ�ͺ
- conference (n.) = a meeting for
discussion purposes; discussion or exchange of views
= ��û�Ъ��
- double (adj.) =
twice the amount; dual
= �ͧ���, ���
- luxury
(n.) =
great but unnecessary comfort; things which are enjoyable but not necessary and often provided by wealth
= ����ӹ�¤����آʺ�·���������
- limited (adj.) =
restricted; confined; few or small
= �١�ӡѴ, ᤺, �բͺࢵ
- first-class (adj.) = best and most
expensive; best quality and/or costliest
=
���˹�� ,���������
- comparable (adj.) = able to be compared; similar; able or
suitable to be compared
=
��º��§��, �����º��º��
- come to (v.) =
to amount to
= �����, �դ����ҡѺ
- stay over (v.) = to
remain for an additional period of time
=
�������Ҿѡ������
- verify (v.) =
to make sure something is true or accurate; to check
= ���٨�������ԧ
- claim (v.) =
to ask for or take as owner; to state
= ���¡��ͧ, ��ҧ�Է���
- pleasure (n.) =
anything that gives enjoyment; a source of enjoyment; state or feeling of being
happy or satisfied
= �������, �����١�
- go by (v.) =
to visit; to pass
=
���������, ��ҹ��
- just in time (exp.) = at the last possible time or
moment
= �ѹ����
- occupied (adj.) = being used;
busy; filled; involved
= ������, �����ҧ
- mention (v.) =
to talk of; to write or speak about something/somebody briefly; to refer to
something/somebody
= ����Ƕ֧, ��ҧ�֧
- compact (adj.) =
closely packed; talking little space; neatly fitted in a small space; condensed;
concise
= ��Ҵ��зѴ�Ѵ
- come by (v.) =
to visit
=
���������
- aisle (n.) =
a path between or along rows of seats or shelves
= �ҧ�Թ�����ҧ�����
- art (n.) =
the creation or expression of beauty, truth, or ideas; skill in such creation
= ��Ż�
- starving (adj.) =
very hungry
= ������, ��ǡ�����
- contest (n.) =
competition; event in which people against each other for a prize
= ����觢ѹ
- compete (v.) =
to try to win something by defeating others who are trying to do the same
= �觢ѹ
- criticism (n.) = a judgment about good and bad qualities;
looking for faults
= ����Ԩ�ó�
- express (v.) =
to say, show or make known by words, actions, etc.
= �ʴ��͡
- criticize (v.) =
to judge good and bad points
=
�Ծҡ�Ԩ�ó�
- extent (n.) =
length ; area; range
= ��Ҵ, �ͺࢵ
- come down with (exp.) =
to catch an illness
= �Դ�ä, �Ѻ�����ä
- hang around (exp.) =
to stay or spend time aimlessly
= ����, ������
- dent (n.) =
a hollow or mark in a hard surface made by a blow or pressure
=
����غ, ��ºغ
- denomination (n.) =
classification; a unit of money
= ������, ˹����Թ���
- satellite (n.) =
man-made device put in orbit round a planet
=
�������
- junk (n.) =
things that are considered useless or of little value
=
�ͧ�����
VOCABULARY EXERCISE
EXERCISE 1
Direction: Complete
the sentences with the words listed below.
comparable compete
dent
denominations
double
express junk
occupied
just in
time reserve
hang around luxuries pleasure starving verify
1.
There are two beds in
that __________ room.
2.
All of the rooms here
are __________ at the moment, so you have to look for a new hotel.
3.
I think the service of
the Cliff Hotel is good. I want to __________
two rooms for our vacation.
4.
Yesterday I almost
missed the meeting because of the heavy traffic. I arrived there
__________ to attend it. I wasn�t late.
5.
Anne collects coins as
a hobby. She collects nickels, dimes,
and coins of five and ten-cent __________.
6.
The concert is going
to start but Sam hasn�t arrived yet.
You should __________ here in case he comes. I�ll go on ahead.
7.
I will go to Europe for
__________ while my spouse will go there on business.
8.
All this talk of food
is making me hungry. When�s
food? Now, I�m __________.
9.
The Bensons have
cleared out all that old __________ in the living room. They need room for their new furniture.
10.
Inflation is now at a
rate __________ with that in other European countries.
11.
Small traders in
Thailand can�t __________ in the face of cheap foreign imports.
12.
After the accident,
there is a large __________ in the passenger door.
13.
As a programmer, I
have to __________ that there is sufficient memory available before loading
the program.
14.
I love having a long,
hot bath -- it�s one of life�s little _________ .
15.
Sometimes we have a
hard time finding the right words to __________ our feelings.
ANSWER KEY
GRAMMAR EXERCISE
EXERCISE 1
Direction: Use the
affirmative or negative forms of these modals to complete the sentences.
A modal can be used more than once.
can may should will must
would could might have
to ought
to had
better
1. Ellen: Where is
Joe?
Helen: He must have
had a problem because he usually arrives here on time.
2. Rita
: Do you have plans for this long weekend?
Ben: I�m not sure. I may
/ might go to the national parks and visit my cousins.
3. Gavin: Can you
hear that noise coming from the next door?
Arthur: No. I can�t hear
anything. What sound is it?
4. Gary: What time should
/ must we be at the school?
Jack: We should / must /
have to be there before 0750. The
class usually starts at 0800.
5. Ken: I think the weather is very nice
today. What should we do for
recreation?
Sally: We should /
ought to have a picnic in the park.
6. Pam: Is our final
project due tomorrow?
Anne: No. we don�t have
to turn it in. It is due next
Monday.
7. John: I have a
headache and runny nose.
Jessica: You had better /
should / ought to go to see a doctor.
8. Jim: May I help you?
George: Yes. I�m looking for
my car key.
9. Tom: Mom. I
finished my homework. Can I play football in the field?
Ms. Roberts: Yes, you can. Don�t forget to close your school bag.
10. James: It looks
cloudy.
Ian: If it
rains, we may / will postpone the game.
---------------------------------------------------------
EXERCISE 2
Direction: Answer the
questions using to-substitute phrase in parentheses. (Answers will
vary.)
1. Chris: Who�s going
to clean the kitchen?
Ben: Dave volunteered to.
2. Sarah: Did you tell
Helen that we would pick her up?
Tom: I forgot to. I will call her as soon as possible.
3. Fred: I thought you
were going sightseeing.
Alice: I planed to. But I changed my mind to stay home
instead.
4. Gavin: Will you
help the instructor clear the classroom?
Max: I want to, but I�m not sure
whether I can go there or not.
5. Paul: Did Sam tell
you about our graduation party?
Jake: No, he didn�t. I think he neglected to.
6. Robert: Are you
going to open a new savings account?
Bill: I would like to. I have a plan to buy a new sports car.
7. Greg: When did you
meet your supervisor?
James: I was ready to
yesterday, but she had a class all day long.
8. Ed: Do you want to
go to a concert?
Joe: I am pleased to, but
I�m afraid I will have a job.
--------------------------------------------------
EXERCISE 3
Direction: Use the
phrases below to complete the sentences. Use each phrase only once.
(Answers will vary.)
once a week once
a month once a year several times an
hour
twice a year three
times a year three or four times a month twice
a day
1. Jim
is supposed to take this medicine twice a day.
2.
We must pay our car
insurance twice a year.
3.
Janet plans to visit
her friends in Hawaii three times a year.
4.
Summer comes only once
a year.
5.
My supervisor usually
holds a meeting once a month to inform the problem.
6.
My wife and I usually
have dinner in that restaurant three or four times a month.
7.
I have a lot of
friends so my mobile phone rings several times an hour.
8.
We go bicycling in the
botanical garden once a week.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXERCISE 4
Direction: Write a
word that is described in each phrase.
Who are they?
1. A
musician who performs on a piano is called a pianist.
2.
A person who operates
and repairs machines is a machinist.
3.
A person who rides a
bicycle is called a bicyclist.
4.
A person who is an
expert in law and is a member of a jury is called a jurist.
5.
A person who travels
and visits a place for pleasure is called a tourist.
6.
A person who serves as
a member of a panel is a panelist.
7.
A person who takes
advantage of all opportunities is an opportunist.
8.
A person who writes a
novel is called a novelist.
9.
A person who makes
copies of other people�s work is called a copyist.
10.
A person who goes up
into the air in a balloon is called a balloonist.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VOCABULARY EXERCISE
EXERCISE 1
Direction: Complete
the sentences with the words listed below.
comparable compete
dent
denominations
double
express junk
occupied
just in
time reserve
hang around luxuries pleasure starving verify
1.
There are two beds in
that double room.
2.
All of the rooms here
are occupied at the moment, so you have to look for a new hotel.
3.
I think the service of
the Cliff Hotel is good. I want to reserve
two rooms for our vacation.
4.
Yesterday, I almost
missed the meeting because of the heavy traffic. I arrived there just in time to
attend it. I wasn�t late.
5.
Anne collects coins as
a hobby. She collects nickels,
dimes, and coins of five and ten-cent denominations.
6.
The concert is going
to start but Sam hasn�t arrived yet. You should hang around here in
case he comes. I�ll go on ahead.
7.
I will go to Europe
for pleasure while my spouse will go there on business.
8.
All this talk of food
is making me hungry. When�s
food? Now I�m starving.
9.
The Bensons have
cleared out all that old junk in the living room. They need room for their new furniture.
10.
Inflation is now at a
rate comparable with that in other European countries.
11.
Small traders in
Thailand can�t compete in the face of cheap foreign imports.
12.
After the accident,
there is a large dent in the passenger door.
13.
As a programmer, I
have to verify that there is sufficient memory available before loading
the program.
14.
I love having a long,
hot bath -- it�s one of life�s little luxuries.
15.
Sometimes we have a
hard time finding the right words to express our feelings.